IAF Chief Identifies Pakistani Planes Shot Down in Conflict; ASEAN Summit in Late October May Provide Opportunity for Modi-Trump Meet; Sonam Wangchuk’s Wife Challenges his Detention in Supreme Court
The Election Commission has Weaponised India’s Voting System, Indian Diets are Fuelling Diabetes Epidemic, India Dealing with US Sanctions on Iran’s Chabahar Port
A newsletter from The Wire | Founded by Tanweer Alam, Sidharth Bhatia, Pratik Kanjilal, Seema Chishti, Sushant Singh, MK Venu, and Siddharth Varadarajan | Contributing writer: Kalrav Joshi, with additional inputs by Anirudh SK
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October 3, 2025
Sidharth Bhatia
The five Pakistani fighter jets that India downed during Operation Sindoor were of the F-16 and the JF7 type, Air Chief Marshal AP Singh said today at the Air Force Day celebrations today. New Delhi had earlier said that it shot down five Pakistani fighters but the air force chief’s statement today marks the first time it has specified the type of aircraft downed. ACM Singh said:
“As far as the air defence part is concerned, we have clear evidence of one long-range strike, which I talked about, more than 300 kilometres, which happened to be either an AEW&C [airborne early warning and control] or a SIGINT [signals intelligence] aircraft. Along with those five fighters, high-tech fighters, between [the US-origin] F-16 and [the Chinese-origin] JF17 class, is what our system tells us.”
He also declined to comment on Pakistan’s claim of shooting down six Indian fighter jets – among them Rafales – on May 7.
The upcoming Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and East Asia summits in Kuala Lumpur from October 26 to 28, hosted by Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, may provide an opportunity for a bilateral meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and United States President Donald Trump. However, New Delhi remains cautious and wary, particularly in light of Trump’s repeated claims about mediating a ceasefire between India and Pakistan in May. Concerns also stem from the potential domestic political impact of such a meeting ahead of the Bihar assembly elections, coupled with strained bilateral ties. Trade talks remain stalled after Washington imposed a 50% tariff on India, while the US has simultaneously drawn closer to Pakistan’s civil-military leadership. With uncertainty surrounding the proposed Quad summit in New Delhi, the Kuala Lumpur meetings may be the only chance for Modi and Trump to engage directly, especially as Trump is not expected to attend the G20 summit in Johannesburg next month.
Meanwhile, New Delhi is grappling with the fallout from US sanctions on a key Indian port project in Iran, which took effect this week. Analysts warn that Washington’s move could undermine India’s regional connectivity ambitions and inadvertently benefit China, highlighting the limits of Modi’s much-claimed “global outreach.”
Between stalled trade deals, mounting sanctions, and diplomatic miscalculations, it is increasingly clear that the Modi government’s international posturing is fragile.
Indian refiners – Reliance Industries and Nayara Energy – are stepping up to fill fuel supply gaps in markets traditionally dominated by Russia, including Brazil, Turkey, and the UAE, after Ukrainian drone attacks disrupted Russian refining operations. Drone strikes on refineries - some deep inside Russia - soared in August and remained high in September, an analysis of Russian media reports and verified footage showed, with some 21 of the country’s 38 large refineries.
Gitanjali Angmo, wife of climate activist Sonam Wangchuk, has moved the Supreme Court challenging her husband’s detention under the National Security Act (NSA) and rejected the charges as “false and baseless”. “I have sought relief from the Supreme Court of India through a HABEAS CORPUS petition against Wangchuk’s detention,” she said in a post on X. Angmo said that even a week after his arrest, she has not been informed about Wangchuk’s health or the specific grounds under which he has been detained. The petition is expected to be listed for urgent hearing once the Supreme Court reopens on October 6 after the Dussehra vacation.
Angmo further alleged that two staff members of the Himalayan Institute of Alternatives, Ladakh (HIAL)—Dr. Setan Norbu and Stan Zinulo—were taken into custody by the Ladakh police and subjected to “mental and physical torture” in an attempt to extract information about Wangchuk and the institute. She claimed that while in detention, the authorities “brutally beat them.” Angmo added that Ladakhis had “lost trust” in the government’s ability to address their concerns and warned that the Centre would need to work “twice as hard” to restore confidence. “The government must first restore trust, release all detained protesters, allow free communication, and engage sincerely with people’s representatives rather than controlling the narrative through the administration,” she said. “The way forward lies in dialogue and listening to the genuine concerns of Ladakhis rather than silencing voices through arrests and restrictions.”
Internet services remained suspended in Bareilly on Friday, where heavy security personnel were deployed on Thursday on the occasion of Dussehra. On the same day, the state home department had issued a notification suspending mobile internet, broadband and SMS services in the district from 3 pm on October 2 till 3 pm on October 4. The situation in Bareilly has remained tense since September 26, when there was a confrontation between police locals over an unrest triggered by the cancellation of a protest over the “I Love Muhammad” poster controversy. The incident had witnessed stone pelting and has been followed by arrests made by the Uttar Pradesh police. The Indian Express reports that the state police have arrested a total of 82 persons following the incident, including Ittehad-e-Millat Council (IMC) chief Maulana Tauqeer Khan for their alleged role in the violent protests on September 26. Two of the arrested persons were also shot on their legs in a “shootout.”
Speaking of which, the BJP is facing jitters as its communal rhetoric increasingly backfires, exposing cracks within its own ranks. Jammu and Kashmir BJP leader Jahanzaib Sirwal threatened to resign from the party, objecting to Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Adityanath’s “unacceptable” remarks about the controversy around “I love Muhammad” posters. Sirwal alleged that the Uttar Pradesh Police had a “vindictive” attitude against Muslims. He said that the situation in the state “goes against Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas (Support of all, development of all, trust of all).”
In a move that could severely undercut India’s domestic defence industry, the Modi government is considering allowing wholly owned local subsidiaries of foreign original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to qualify as “Indian vendors” in defence procurement. This long-pending demand of multinational arms makers, discussed by a special task force led by former cabinet secretary Rajiv Gauba, threatens to hand the lucrative defence market to global giants while sidelining homegrown firms. Instead of strengthening indigenous manufacturing, the government appears set to empower foreign corporations at the expense of Indian companies, raising questions about its oft-repeated rhetoric of Atmanirbhar Bharat.
Delhi officials appear to be in “wilful disobedience” of its orders earlier this year to provide provisional demand and allotment letters to the residents of the erstwhile Madrasi Camp that was demolished to unblock a drain, the high court said in a recent order. Justice Sachin Datta also noted that while the Delhi Development Authority claimed it did not receive enough funds from the Public Works Department, it had been paid Rs 27 crore, which would be enough for provisionally relocating 318 jhuggis. The judge ordered officials to meet and iron things out in two weeks lest the gavel fall on them, reports Sohini Ghosh.
Typical Indian diets, with over 60% of calories from low-quality carbohydrates, are fuelling a national crisis of diabetes and obesity, a landmark study has found. Published in Nature Medicine, the research shows these dietary patterns are linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes by as much as 40%. The 15-year study found the average Indian diet is dangerously imbalanced, drawing a staggering 62% of its energy from carbohydrates – often from refined sources like white rice, milled flours and added sugar. Meanwhile, protein intake was found to be suboptimal at just 12% of daily calories, and saturated fat intake exceeded recommended health thresholds in all but four states.
Expressing ‘agony’ and ‘anguish’ over the death of 41 people during a recent roadshow of TVK leader and actor Vijay at Velusamypuram in Karur, and over the failure of the Tamil Nadu government to take stringent action against those responsible, the Madras High Court constituted a special investigation team (SIT) to probe the tragic incident that shook not only the state but the entire nation. Asra Garg, Inspector General of Police, North Zone, TN, has been appointed to head the SIT, which has been ordered to commence investigations immediately.
Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan on Thursday wrote to Union Home Minister Amit Shah, demanding a high-level inquiry into the alleged assault on two Malayali students at Zakir Husain Delhi College. The students, identified as ID Ashwanth and K Sudhin, reportedly faced physical aggression from police officers and were allegedly forced to speak in Hindi, an incident that has sparked concerns over harassment faced by students pursuing higher education outside their home state. Expressing strong concern, Vijayan urged strict action against any police personnel found guilty.
“Start-ups and enterprises in the plastic waste sector still rely on waste pickers’ networks and skills, but they remain invisible as stakeholders,” says the Chintan NGO. Suruchi Kumari finds that in Delhi, some waste recycling workers have been facing a hard time as their access to households, garbage points and dumpyards have decreased, forcing them to go back to their low-paying factory jobs. Some are taking collective action and enlisting recycling workers into the government’s NAMASTE scheme in order to give them access to basic protections, reports Kumari.
Read this piece by Arshad Ahmed on how the late singer Zubeen Garg’s appeal cut across religious lines in Assam and how so many Bengali Muslims found solace in his voice amid relentless oppression.
Hindu extremists hounded artist M.F. Husain who relocated to and became a citizen of Qatar, but the world has not forgotten him. His works sell for stupendous prizes and in Doha, on November 28, the Qatar Foundation will unveil Lawh Wa Qalam: M.F. Husain Museum – a sprawling 3,000-square-metre tribute to one of modern Indian art’s most iconic figures. The museum’s permanent collection, which traces his artistic journey from the 1950s until his death in 2011, will span a range of media, including paintings, films, photography, tapestry, poetry and installations.
But this moment should also sting India. As Qatar builds a monumental home for Husain’s legacy, India is left confronting the cultural void it created by driving him away. Restating the genius of Husain could well just be a beginning, says The Hindustan Times.
ABVP JNU stages “Ravan Dahan,” burning effigies of Umar Khalid, Sharjeel Imam, raising slogans for hanging them
The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) on Thursday staged a Ravan Dahan event in which former JNU students and anti-CAA activists Umar Khalid and Sharjeel Imam were depicted as Ravan. The JNU Students’ Union (JNUSU) criticized the move, describing it as a “deliberate attempt to exploit religion and spread Islamophobia”. During the protest, ABVP supporters allegedly responded with abuse, chanting slogans such as “Godse ki Jai” (“Hail Godse”), “Sharjeel Imam ko phansi do” (“Hang Sharjeel Imam”), and “Umar Khalid ko phansi do” (“Hang Umar Khalid”).
Condemning it, JNUSU said, “Umar and Sharjeel have been imprisoned for five years. Their cases are still under trial, and bail has been repeatedly denied on flimsy grounds. Yet the ABVP chose to hold a public trial on the streets.” It criticised the selective targeting, stating, “If they were sincere about justice, they could have burnt the effigy of Nathuram Godse, Gandhi’s assassin. They could have shown Baba Ram Rahim, a convicted rapist given parole during elections to help the BJP, or leaders like Anurag Thakur and Pravesh Verma, who incited the Delhi riots of 2020, but still enjoy impunity.”
But then.
Difficult to verify EC’s numbers in Bihar
There is a lot of data on the recently concluded special intensive revision of Bihar but it is very hard to independently verify because of opacity and discrepancies, Pavan Korada points out. The Election Commission has said that 21.53 lakh electors were added to the voter roll between June and September but offered no information on how many of these were first-time registrants and how many found their way back to the list after being taken off it. The poll body had also released bulletins on the number of claims and objections it adjudicated but never said what the outcome of these cases was, making it impossible to ascertain the fairness of the process. Plus, the numbers of electors added and removed to make the final list of September 30 are higher than the numbers of addition and deletion applications the commission reported as receiving, writes Korada.
Union government will allow Sikh contingents to travel to Pakistan
Following criticism of its decision last month to bar travel by Sikhs to Pakistan for religious purposes the Union government has now said it will allow jathas or contingents to travel across the border. Individuals will not be permitted even if they have valid Pakistani visas – approval will be given only to jathas recommended by the Punjab government and approved by the Union home ministry, reports Ujwal Jalali.
The Long Cable
The EC has weaponised India’s voting system
MG Devasahayam
Recent developments have demonstrated the highly centralized, authoritarian and autocratic functioning of the Election Commission of India (ECI). By its commissions and omissions, the ECI has displayed that it is secretive, stealthy and does not respect the will of the people. It has become dysfunctional and has lost its capacity to hold free and fair elections which is its raison d’être.
When Rahul Gandhi, Leader of the Opposition (LoP) pointed out that 1,00,250 of around six lakh voters in Bengaluru’s Mahadevapura assembly constituency are bogus, and alleged that this helped the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) win the seat in a close contest EC responded with passive-aggression, shaky legalese and intimidation of the LoP. It has offered fact-checks that check no facts, demanded oaths, and done everything possible to avoid confronting the problem. Similar was its response to the exposure of voter fraud in the Aland Assembly Constituency.
In recent years ECI has weaponized India’s voting system by facilitating spurious injection of votes after the end of polling hours.
And now there are reports of large-scale manipulation of electoral rolls and the Commission’s refusal to cooperate with the investigation into this serious fraud. All these show that the Commission is intoxicated with the unlimited and arbitrary powers it enjoys under Article 324 of the Constitution and the immunity provided to the Commissioners by the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners Act 2023!
Way back in 1984 in the AC Jose vs Sivan Pillai & Ors case, Supreme Court had sounded the alarm of this distinct possibility. The judgment dealt with the argument that Art. 324 of the Constitution gives full powers to the Commission in matters of Superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and also for the conduct of elections to the Parliament and State Legislatures. It was argued that the Commission, being a creature of the Constitution itself with its plenary powers flowing directly from Art. 324, will prevail over any Act passed by the Parliament or Rules made thereunder. The Court disagreed and ruled that it is not possible to read into Art. 324 such a wide power entrusted to the Commission.
The Court rationalised the ruling thus:
“If the Commission is armed with such unlimited and arbitrary powers and if it ever happens that the persons manning the commission shares or is wedded to a particular ideology, he could by giving odd directions cause a political havoc or bring about a constitutional crisis, setting at naught the integrity and independence of electoral process, so important and indispensable to the democratic system.”
With the recent confrontation between the Chief Election Commissioner and the LoP, it appears that the Supreme Court’s prophecy is coming true and the abruptly ordered Bihar Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls, which is being extended to the whole country, only confirms it. With extreme role concentration, a completely distorted and partisan appointment process and almost total impunity from dismissal or prosecution, Election Commissioners have become centres of absolute power as far as elections are concerned. And as the famous adage goes-“power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
Such arrogance has led the ECI to treat the voting public as dirt whose role is only to stand in ‘Q’ and press a button and nothing else. Commencing from 2018 Delhi’s Nirvachan Sadan has been hermetically sealed and has been functioning more as a secret society obeying orders from North/South Block and not as a public authority with a constitutional mandate to conduct free and fair election!! All representations, requests and suggestions from the public, civil society and political parties are trashed with authoritarian contempt.
With disdain the Commission also refuses to respond to queries under the Right to Information (RTI) Act. Even when they reply it is either false or patchy. While the ECI demands complete accountability from citizens to produce records to validate their existence, voting rights, and citizenship, it refuses basic transparency itself under the RTI Act. Things have come to such a pass that ECI in reply to RTI query says that they have no information about the Returning Officers who conducted the 2024 Lok Sabha election under its own direction and supervision!
What makes things worse is that India’s election machinery has become too massive, unwieldy and unmanageable. India’s electorate grew more than five-and-a-half times from around 173 million in 1952 to 968 million eligible voters in 2024. From 2.25 lakh polling stations it is now 10.5 lakhs deploying 1.5 crore polling officials and 2,100 General, Police, and Expenditure Observers on election duty. In the event ECI is compelled to conduct Lok Sabha election in seven phases thereby compromising its sanctity and integrity.
Without free and fair elections there is no democracy. This cannot be allowed to happen in the world’s largest democracy. There is an urgent need to decentralise India’s electoral machinery and process to fit into the federal concept of “Union of States” as enshrined in Article 1 of the Constitution. And the best way is to return to the original Constitution drafted by the Constituent Assembly wherein Article 289 provides for separate (Central and State) Election Commissions for ‘superintendence, direction and control’ elections to Parliament and State Legislatures:
“Article 289. (1) The superintendence, direction and control of all elections to Parliament and of elections to the offices of President and Vice-President held under this Constitution, including the appointment of election tribunals for the decision of doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the elections to Parliament, shall be vested in a Commission to be appointed by the President.
(2) The superintendence, direction and control of all elections to the Legislature of a State for the time being specified in Part I of the First Schedule and of elections to the office of Governor of the State elections to constitute a panel for the purpose of the appointment of a Governor of the State held under this Constitution including the appointment of election tribunals for the decision of doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with elections to the Legislature of such State shall be vested in a Commission to be appointed by the Governor of the State.”
It was Dr BR Ambedkar who later reversed it with this explanation:
“The original proposal under Article 289 was that there should be one commission to deal with the elections to the central legislature, both the Upper and Lower Houses, and that there should be a separate election commission for each province and each state, to be appointed by the governor or ruler of the state. This [new Article 324] proposes to centralise the election machinery in the hands of a single commission to be assisted by regional commissioners, not working under provincial governments... As I said, this is a radical change.”
Little did Ambedkar realise that this “radical change” would prove very costly to the very survival of electoral democracy in the country. Dr Ambedkar might have opted for this centralized solution considering the intimidating prospect of setting up Election Commissions in all the states to conduct Assembly elections. But this is no longer the case now with every state having State Election Commissions (SEC) which are autonomous constitutional authorities responsible for administering elections to the 3rd tier of democratic governance i.e. the Local Self Government, which includes the Panchayati Raj Institutions and the Urban Local Bodies. Before 1992, elections to these bodies were conducted by the respective State Governments. The Constitution was amended in 1992 through the 73rd and 74th amendments in order to provide legal sanctity to the Local Self-Governments (LSGs), giving LSGs their rightful place in the process of nation building.
Article 243 K & Article 243 ZA were inserted to establish a SEC in every state as a constitutional body with powers of ‘superintendence, direction and control’ of the preparation of electoral rolls for, and the conduct of, all elections to the Panchayats and Municipalities in the State. SEC consists of a State Election Commissioner, who is appointed by the Governor for a fixed tenure of 5 years and cannot be removed from his office except in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of a High Court. As per the constitutional provision, ‘superintendence, direction and control’ of the conduct of Elections to Urban & Rural Local bodies vest in the SEC.
The SEC is also responsible for delimitation of all the constituencies, which is done before every general election to the local bodies i.e. after every 5 years. The SEC is also empowered to register and deregister political parties in the state. SEC ensures a level playing field for the political parties in the election fray, through strict observance by them of a Model Code of Conduct evolved with the consensus of political parties.
As we see the structure and functioning of SECs are almost the same as that of the ECI and they are equipped to take upon the role of conducting elections to the State Assemblies also. By decentralizing the election machinery and the process we can prevent India from morphing into an ‘electoral autocracy’ which it is fast becoming!
(MG Devasahayam, formerly of the IAS, is coordinator, Citizens Commission on Elections.)
Reportedly
Shah Rukh Khan becomes the first Indian film star to join the Billionaire’s Club, in the Hurun India Rich List. But it is not starring in movies that has added to his wealth. It is astute business investments: his entertainment company Red Chillies Entertainment and the IPL team Kolkata Knight Riders. Khan is neither a nepo business kid who started life in firms set up by their father – Mukesh Ambani and Kiran Nadar Malhotra being two of them – nor someone who got a lot of help through government contacts, like Gautam Adani. Others who are in tech or fintech don’t match up. The youngest billionaire is Aravind Srinivas (31) of the AI firm Perplexity, which is an American firm.
Drawn and quartered
Deep dive
Between 2016 and 2023, 633 railway track maintenance personnel were killed on the job: that’s over 90 deaths every year. To understand what is behind these stunning figures, labour historian Zaen Alkazi spoke to maintenance workers and labour unionists, pored through railways and parliamentary reports, and filed RTI queries. He found “that these deaths are associated with the dangerous conditions of work on the one hand. On the other, runovers by trains, the most common form of these deaths, are associated with increasing work pressure, safety lapses and the employment of contract workers”.
Prime number: 207
Acid attacks in India rose in 2023, with the year recording 207 such cases, five more than in 2022 and 31 more than in 2021. West Bengal once again accounted for the most cases at 57 (27.5% of the total).Opeds you don’t want to miss
An organisation formed 100 years and whose influence is visible in various aspects of Indian polity and society, also has within itself the elements of its own destruction, writes Bharat Bhushan. Prime ministers, chief ministers, party secretaries have been groomed by it. Its imprint can be found on so many government policies. “Ideological dogmatism has encouraged its intellectual stagnation, and the resultant echo-chamber effect could be the RSS’ undoing. Its cultural and historical claims are based on myths going counter to the worldview of a knowledge-based society,.alienating public intellectuals, students, and thinking citizens,” he writes.
Looking at Pakistan army chief Field Marshal Asim Munir and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif’s visit to Washington against the backdrop of Islamabad’s importance for the US’s plans for dealing with Iran and Afghanistan, as well as the potential role the Pakistani army can play as an “Islamic peacekeeping force” in Gaza under Trump’s plan for the strip, former diplomat MK Bhadrakumar writes:
“The bottomline is that Field Marshal Munir is going places. And this has profound implications for India in terms of the efficacy of our ‘hug diplomacy’ with Trump and Operation Sindoor in particular. Make no mistake, Munir is going to be a key figure in Trump’s ambitious MAGA project, packaged as the making of a New Middle East.”
The lopsided priorities of much of our news landscape is illustrated by the fact that “a ‘you will be shot’ message to Rahul Gandhi has paled as an item next to ‘I love Mohammed’,” Badri Raina points out. He adds: “Indeed, of the principle four-letter words that we frequently use, the most heinous has come to be ‘love’, while hate rages as the beloved epithet, next only to Modi.”
The Indian diaspora in America has largely remained mute amidst the Trump administration’s adverse actions against India’s interests, and while there are various reasons that can explain this silence, it ultimately behoves this community to speak up with a voice not of “blind nationalism but of principled solidarity”, Shashi Tharoor argues. He says that there is also an onus on India to
“engage more deeply with its diaspora – not merely as a source of remittances or “soft power”, but as a strategic constituency. It must listen to their concerns, understand their constraints, and empower their advocacy. The relationship must be reciprocal, not rhetorical.”
Unlike what official figures – which untenably suggest that the number of agricultural workers in India remained stagnant between 2014 and 2025 – say, it appears that the gap between agricultural and non-agricultural incomes in fact widened in this time period. This differential, alongside income disparities between Indian states, must be urgently resolved if India is to have a chance at becoming viksit by 2047, former bureaucrats Sanjay Kumar, NK Singh and Siraj Hussain write.
Listen up
With the government having allowed the private sector into defence manufacturing, “streamlined procedures, earmarked weapons and platforms that will be manufactured domestically, and allowed more FDI”, what are the ramifications for India’s defence preparedness? Carnegie India’s Dinakar Peri joins Nivedita V to discuss on the InFocus podcast.
Watch out
Arundhati Roy speaks with Karan Thapar about various aspects of her book Mother Mary Comes to Me, including her often rocky relationship with her mother, her father, her austere youth, how she views her relationship with her audience and being fully honest when writing, and more.
Over and out
Japanese automakers, suppliers and and other industrial firms have set up units in Vithalapur some 70 kilometres west of Ahmedabad, and along with them have sprung up a number of hotels such as ‘Mizuki Ryokan’ and ‘Osaka Palace’ to cater to the Japanese nationals that have moved here on multi-year contracts, writes Aditi Shah. They serve dishes such as “sushi made with fish imported from as far as Australia” in a Gujarat whose preponderant vegetarianism had scuttled earlier efforts by Japanese nationals to reside here. The state’s alcohol ban too has been a hurdle for these hoteliers, Shah reports.
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