Modi's Non-Biological Blood; Talk of US Mediation Leaves Jaishankar Tongue-Tied; Illusion of Progress in India–US Carrier Cooperation
A newsletter from The Wire | Founded by Tanweer Alam, Sidharth Bhatia, Pratik Kanjilal, Seema Chishti, Sushant Singh, MK Venu, and Siddharth Varadarajan | Contributing writer: Kalrav Joshi, with additional inputs by Anirudh SK
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Over to Siddharth Varadarajan for today’s Cable
Snapshot of the day
May 23, 2025
Siddharth Varadarajan
It’s been almost one month since the horrifying Pahalgam terrorist attack shook the nation. Yet, as families mourn and citizens demand answers, the terrorists remain uncaught. Now, perhaps predictably, the Modi government has chosen to pivot from action to celebration – commemorating the so-called success of ‘Operation Sindoor’ as if justice has been served.
In an interview that laid bare uncomfortable truths Indian news TV refuses to examine, a Dutch journalist from De Volkskrant confronted External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar with a pointed question: “Did you catch the terrorists of the Pahalgam attack?” Jaishankar’s answer was striking in its emptiness: “We were successful in identifying them.” Jaishankar was also at a loss for words when asked where the US was during the move to end the recent India-Pakistan fight. ‘Well, the US was in the United States’ he mumbled.
Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha Rahul Gandhi will visit Poonch in Jammu tomorrow to meet families of those killed and affected by the recent Pakistani shelling. The Poonch region was witness to heightened artillery firing about two weeks ago following the rise in tensions with Pakistan after India carried out precise strikes on nine terror hubs in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) that included the headquarters of the banned Jaish-e-Mohammed (Bahawalpur) and Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (Muridke) on May 7.
This will mark Gandhi’s second visit to Jammu & Kashmir after the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack that claimed 26 lives. During his visit last month, Gandhi had said the idea behind the terror strike was to divide the people of the country and it was imperative that India stood united to defeat terrorism once and for all.
Meanwhile, nearly 1,000 km away and far removed from the frontline pain, in his first public address since ‘Operation Sindoor’ and the four-day long military conflict with Pakistan on Thursday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed a rally on Thursday in Rajasthan’s Bikaner and said that “not blood, but hot sindoor (vermillion) is flowing in my veins”. [See also Reportedly].
While the speech was his third since the Pahalgam attack, Modi made no mention of why the perpetrators have yet to be caught, or the status of the investigations into the attack. While US President Donald Trump has since May 10 claimed that he mediated the ceasefire between India and Pakistan, that talks will take place between the two neighbours at a “neutral” site, and claimed to have brought the two countries back from “the brink of a nuclear war” by using trade as leverage, Modi made no mention of these claims. Instead, without naming Trump, Modi simply said, “There will be no trade or talks with Pakistan, if there are talks it will only be about Pakistan occupied Kashmir. And if Pakistan keeps exporting terror it will be given a befitting reply.” The self-obsession was laid bare when, in a stunning act of narcissism, he mentioned his own name 15 times in just two minutes.
Meanwhile, journalist Ajit Anjum notes that sindoor powder is poisonous, but the real toxicity is not in the vermillion – it is in the veins of those who have weaponized it. The irony? They claim to defend culture while poisoning the very soul of it – one slogan, one smear campaign, one blind devotee at a time. Questions of course should not exist.
Modi’s speech comes as seven multi-party delegations have fanned out across the world including UNSC member states in a major diplomatic outreach. The delegations will talk about Pakistan’s role in supporting terror, the objectives of Operation Sindoor and the Indus Waters Treaty that was held in abeyance after the Pahalgam terror attack. If they are asked questions about what exactly happened during the recent hostilities, the crazy reporting in the Indian media or about the ongoing crackdown on free speech related to the conflict, it is not clear that they will be able to reply – let alone in one voice.
National Security Adviser Ajit Doval is set to travel to Moscow next week to attend the 13th International Meeting of High Representatives for Security Issues, where he is expected to urge the Russian government to expedite the delivery of the remaining S-400 air defence systems. The development comes amid reports of India placing fresh orders for the same. “The Russian-made S-400 defence system, along with India’s Akashteer defence system, proved pivotal for India as they mitigated drone and missile attacks from Pakistan on Indian civil and military locations earlier this month,” a senior security official said. New Delhi is also said to be seeking a renewed political understanding from Moscow in its ongoing fight against Pakistan-based terrorist infrastructure.
The Supreme Court grilled the Rajasthan government for its failure to address the alarming rise in student suicides in Kota, the nation’s leading coaching hub. The Bench, comprising Justices J.B. Pardiwala and R. Mahadevan, described the situation as “serious” and expressed alarm that 14 students had already died by suicide in the city this year. “What are you doing as a State? Why are these children dying by suicide and only in Kota? Have you not given it a thought as a State?” Justice Pardiwala asked during the hearing, reflecting the court’s deep concern about the systemic pressures students face in Kota’s highly competitive academic environment.
The Union government told the Delhi High Court that Turkey-based airport ground handling firm Celebi could not be notified when its security clearance was revoked due to national security concerns amid recent tensions between India and Pakistan, reports Bar and Bench. “When it is a question of security, either we take action or we do not take action,” Solicitor General Tushar Mehta, appearing for the Centre, told Justice Sachin Datta. “It is about pure subjective action while protecting the nation.” Meanwhile, the firm said that the Union government’s decision to revoke its security clearance has impacted more than 10,000 employees in India.
BJP MLA Kanwarlal Meena, convicted and denied relief by the Supreme Court, currently languishes in jail – yet astonishingly, remains an MLA. With 27 criminal cases including rioting, assault on public servants, promoting religious enmity, and defiling places of worship, Meena’s criminal record is extensive. The SC itself remarked on how rare it is for a politician to actually face consequences. Yet, despite conviction, Meena is still not disqualified from the Rajasthan Assembly. In stark contrast, opposition leaders like Rahul Gandhi and Azam Khan were disqualified within a day of sentencing. Meena’s case exposes the naked double standards in India's political and legal system – where justice often bends to the color of a party flag.
Meanwhile, a Delhi court has issued a notice to Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on a defamation complaint filed by Lipika Mitra, the wife of Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) leader Somnath Bharti, reports Bar and Bench. The complaint, linked to statements allegedly made during the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, accuses Sitharaman of making “defamatory, derogatory and libellous” remarks about Mitra and her husband in both print and electronic media. Mitra claims these remarks were made for political gain and aimed at harming Bharti's electoral prospects.
A Delhi court has acquitted 30 men charged in four separate cases related to the February 2020 riots in the national capital, LiveLaw reports, who were accused of murdering three persons and committing loot and arson. Additional Sessions Judge Pulastya Pramachala of the Karkardooma Court passed the four acquittal orders within a week on May 13, May 14, May 16 and May 17
Student activist Safoora Zarfar is out on bail but wants the Delhi high court to quash the charges against her of conspiring to cause the 2020 Delhi riots. Her lawyer, Sharukh Alam, said that political protest is not unlawful and that “merely embarrassing or criticising the government does not amount to committing a terrorist offence.”
Talks to resolve border issues with India and Bhutan “continue to advance,” a new white paper on China’s national security has said, identifying a host of internal and external threats faced by the country and its one-party political system. The 23-page security paper released recently in Mandarin titled, “China’s National Security in the New Era”, has outlined a host of threats and challenges faced by China. While China’s border disputes with India and Bhutan remain to be resolved, the country has a maritime dispute with several countries, including Japan in the East China Sea, and the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei and Taiwan in the South China Sea.
All foreign nationals staying illegally in India, whether from Bangladesh or any other country, will be dealt with as per law, the Ministry of External Affairs has said. The statement, by ministry spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal, came on a question about reports alleging that Indian authorities had forced persons, including Rohingya refugees, into Bangladesh and Myanmar. Jaiswal said that it has asked Bangladeshi authorities to verify the nationality of more than 2,300 illegal migrants believed to be from the neighbouring country so that they can be deported.
First local eyewitness account of the alleged forced abandonment at sea of around 40 Rohingya refugees by India near southeastern Myanmar’s Tanintharyi Region. Read this excerpt from Rohini Mohan’s report for The Straits Times.
“Fisherman Nye Nge Soe was returning from a night’s work to his village in Tanintharyi, the southernmost region of Myanmar, when he saw dark figures bobbing among the waves about 50m from the shore.
“It was almost 1am. From my boat, I saw a ship dropping many people into the sea. I could hear them shouting,” Mr Nye Nge Soe told The Straits Times over the phone, when describing events on the night of May 8.
“They had life jackets, but the water is 2m deep there. There were old people and women who could not swim. A ship crew (from our village) threw them a long rope. I watched the people swim to the shore holding this rope,” the 22-year-old said.”
Bangladesh’s army chief General Waker-uz-Zaman has told his officers that general elections should be held by December this year, stating that only an elected government could bring political stability to the country. Several Bangladeshi media outlets reported, citing sources, that the army chief said general elections should be held by the end of 2025. “Bangladesh needs political stability. This is only possible through an elected government, not by unelected decision-makers,” a source quoted him as saying to The Daily Star.
Sushant Singh writes in Foreign Policy on why India needs to relook into its Bangladesh policy, instead of blaming Dhaka, Beijing and Rawalpindi. He writes,
“Rather than blaming external actors for Bangladesh exercising its autonomy, India must recommit to democratic values. Only then can New Delhi rebuild trust with the Bangladeshi people. The Modi government must work toward curbing Islamophobic rhetoric within its ranks. It can’t allow its Hindu-majoritarian domestic politics to dictate India’s foreign policy. The language of exclusion and suspicion must give way to respect and partnership.
The Modi government’s attempts to employ a punitive strategy have failed in South Asia, whether in Nepal, the Maldives, or Bangladesh. Rather than economic coercion, India should offer positive incentives: trade, investment, and connectivity projects that benefit both sides. It is high time that India recognizes that its neighbors have agency. Building coalitions, not dependencies, is the only sustainable path to regional stability.
The current situation is about more than the Siliguri Corridor or maritime access to the Bay of Bengal. It is a test of whether India can adapt to a multipolar South Asia, where smaller states want to reassert their sovereignty. If the Modi government fails to recalibrate, it risks not only the loss of Indian influence in Bangladesh, but also the unraveling of its entire Neighborhood First and Act East policies.”
In a landmark diplomatic development, the United Kingdom has agreed to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands, including the key military atoll Diego Garcia, to Mauritius. India has welcomed this decision, reaffirming its long-standing support for Mauritius’s legitimate claim based on principles of decolonisation, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. The deal signifies a major step toward the resolution of one of the longest-standing colonial-era territorial disputes. A last minute injunction by a judge delayed matters for a few hours but the UK high court vacated that injunction.
Filmmaker Neeraj Ghaywan’s second feature film, Homebound – the only Indian feature to debut at the Cannes Film Festival this year – received a rousing nine-minute standing ovation during its screening in the Un Certain Regard segment of the 78th edition. Inspired by journalist Basharat Peer’s New York Times article, the film is an amalgam of two contemporary themes – the story of marginalised sections in modern India, enhanced as it is set during the time of Covid-19. It won the FIPRESCI, external and the Avenir - also known as the Promising Future Prize - prizes. BBC praised Homebound for its “seamless blend of fiction and reality,” calling it a “powerful public document, grounding its characters in authenticity. More than just moving its audience to tears, the film is bound to spark meaningful conversations - and, one hopes, a deeper understanding of those who live in the shadows.”
ASI asks archaeologist to rework his Keezhadi excavation report
An archaeologist who had earlier overseen the excavation of an ancient civilisation in Tamil Nadu’s Keezhadi, has been asked by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to resubmit his report regarding the findings after making necessary corrections for taking further action.
More than two years after he submitted a report on the findings that an urban civilisation existed in Tamil Nadu in the Sangam age on the banks of the Vaigai river, the ASI told archaeologist Amarnath Ramakrishna to make the report “more authentic” and that two experts had suggested corrections. In its latest letter the ASI has said that three periods require proper nomenclature or re-orientation, and the time bracket of 8th century BCE to 5th century BCE for Period I requires concrete justification. The presence of such an ancient civilisation in the south could pit it against the narrative that the Indus Valley Civilisation had ushered in the Iron Age. Politicians in Tamil Nadu have alleged that the BJP-led Union government is trying to suppress information about the ancient Tamil civilisation that had flourished on the banks of the Vaigai river.
Discounted to death: the quiet execution of Kirana shops
India’s neighbourhood kirana stores are quietly disappearing under the weight of app-based delivery platforms, reports The Hindu. Unable to match the deep discounts and hyper-speed convenience of 10-minute delivery giants, these once-thriving mom-and-pop shops are struggling to survive. While some shopkeepers are experimenting with new business models, most admit they cannot compete with the capital-fuelled aggression of online retailers.
Modi government snubbed by TSMC
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) has turned down an invitation from the Indian government to establish a fabrication plant, prompting India to formalise a technology-transfer deal with Taiwan-based Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and Tata Electronics. The decision comes as New Delhi accelerates its plan to build a domestic semiconductor industry, having cleared six fabrication projects to date. Instead, TSMC is expanding capacity in the United States, Japan and Germany, markets that already host mature supply-chain ecosystems and where host governments have offered substantial incentives.
The Long Cable
Another Round, No Results: India–US Carrier Talks Remain Stuck in Symbolism
Rahul Bedi
The only ‘significant milestone’ the Ministry of Defence (MoD) could cite from the recent eighth Joint Working Group on Aircraft Carrier Technology Cooperation (JWGACTC) between the Indian and US navies is simply that it happened at all.
The Press Information Bureau (PIB) noted that the three-day meeting—held from May 13–16 and co-chaired by the Indian Navy’s Rear Admiral Vishal Bishnoi and the US Navy’s Rear Admiral Casey Moton—took place under the aegis of the long-dormant Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI), launched in 2012.
As with its seven predecessors, the PIB highlighted “valuable information” exchange and a joint statement, yet provided no concrete outcomes—underscoring the DTTI’s legacy of lofty rhetoric and minimal delivery.
Though not formally shuttered, the DTTI has remained effectively inactive for over a decade. Military officials and analysts widely regard it as a symbolic relic—functioning more as a placeholder for JWGACTC meetings than a credible mechanism for defence cooperation.
The JWGACTC itself has long been dismissed by Indian Navy insiders as an “upmarket talking shop for avid navalists,” largely due to the MoD’s ongoing reluctance to approve a second indigenous aircraft carrier (IAC-2) following the commissioning of INS Vikrant in 2022.
Discussions have repeatedly centred on Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) constructing a 65,000-tonne, conventionally powered carrier—tentatively called INS Vishal—with a US-made Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) from General Atomics, supporting CATOBAR (Catapult Assisted Take-Off But Arrested Recovery) operations.
However, defence industry sources confirm that Vishal remains far from sanctioned. Instead, the MoD is reportedly considering a more modest “interim” step: commissioning a second Vikrant-class 40,000-tonne carrier. This would both preserve CSL’s shipbuilding capacity and advance the Indian Navy’s long-standing ambition of operating three carriers—one for each seaboard, with one in reserve.
The DTTI, initially unveiled by then US Deputy Defence Secretary Ashton Carter in 2012, aimed to fast-track defence collaboration by bypassing bureaucratic roadblocks. India also signed four foundational defence agreements intended to deepen military cooperation and interoperability.
The initiative began with four “pathfinder” projects—including joint development of Mobile Electric Hybrid Power Systems (MEHPS) and chemical-biological protective clothing—but these, along with two later additions (the Raven UAV and ISR modules for the C-130J-30), languished due to tepid domestic interest and were eventually shelved.
Subsequent attempts to revive the DTTI, including the addition of digital helmet-mounted displays, tactical biological detection systems, and proposals for joint development of ground combat vehicles and helicopters, similarly faltered. These clashed with indigenous programmes and met the same quiet demise.
Even as India was designated a “Major Defence Partner” by the US and the US Senate pushed for deeper defence cooperation via legislation, the DTTI remained mired in bureaucratic inertia. At one point, it included seven working groups across a range of technology domains, but these too faded without delivering results.
Sources attribute the DTTI’s collapse to persistent shortcomings: indecision on the Indian side, and a paternalistic US approach offering low-grade technology. A senior Indian military officer involved in DTTI negotiations remarked that the initiative’s failure starkly contrasted the otherwise growing India–US strategic partnership. “There was a major gap between ambition and delivery,” he said. “Eventually, it all collapsed.”
By January 2023, the DTTI was effectively replaced by the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (ICET), launched in Washington under the guidance of both countries’ National Security Advisers.
ICET focuses on six broad areas: defence, space, next-gen telecom (including 6G), artificial intelligence, semiconductors, and advanced biotechnology. In a Pentagon briefing in early 2024, Brigadier General Patrick Ryder described ICET as a shift from defence sales to joint innovation, calling it “modular, scalable, and industry-driven.”
But despite its ambitious design, ICET too faces significant structural challenges.
Industry insiders note that while ICET aims to ease US regulatory barriers to advanced tech transfers, most American defence firms—which hold the intellectual property—operate independently of government mandates and are reluctant to share costly proprietary technologies.
These firms remain bound by stringent export controls and are accountable primarily to shareholders, not US strategic policy—posing a fundamental obstacle to meaningful joint production or technology transfer.
Current ICET deliverables include plans to manufacture General Electric’s F-414 engines in India for the Tejas Mk-II and locally assemble 31 MQ-9 Reaper drones. But even here, progress has been slow. Technology transfer for the drones from General Atomics Aeronautical Systems is reportedly around 10-15% and includes establishing a maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) facility for the UAVs in India.
Ultimately, analysts say commercial realities and bureaucratic drag continue to undermine both DTTI and ICET. As one expert put it: the DTTI collapsed under the weight of mismatched expectations; ICET risks a similar fate unless these foundational issues are addressed.
This begs the question: What was the purpose of convening the eighth JWGACTC under the DTTI banner? Was it anything more than a gesture—an illusion of continuity—made with the full knowledge that nothing substantive would emerge?
Reportedly
Modi’s blood varies with the political season…
Pen vs Sword
Deep dive
Daniel Ten Kate on how the India and Pakistan conflict tests the limits of nuclear war as a deterrent. “So far, the Stability-Instability Paradox has shown that cooler heads will eventually prevail. But if one day they don’t, the world will need a new theory — assuming anyone is still around to think it up.”
Prime number: Rs 12.19 m per day
The Consulate General of India in Jeddah has disclosed that Rs 1,21,86,202 was spent on daily allowances and miscellaneous expenses during Modi’s visit to Saudi Arabia. With hotel and transportation bills still unsettled, total costs could surpass Rs 3 crore.Despite such hefty spending – on this and other trips Modi has made – India found itself isolated diplomatically during the recent India-Pakistan conflict. Opeds you don’t want to miss
The Supreme Court’s order in State of Haryana vs Ali Khan Mahmudabad ought to send a chill down the spine of those who care for constitutional values, writes Pratap Bhanu Mehta, adding: “We are now in a constitutional regime in which even the Court’s philanthropic benevolence in granting bail (and that is what bail has become) lays the groundwork for further oppression.”
"Indian policymakers may believe the Pakistani military has been deterred from future adventurism thanks to Op. Sindoor but that is not how Pakistan’s military sees things, writes Aqil Shah in Foreign Affairs on the next India-Pakistan war: “They have emerged out of the crisis stronger and more determined to stand up to India, with their domestic position bolstered and their battlefield reputation enhanced.”
Will the all-party delegations Modi is sending around the world strengthen India’s stance or weaken its position? asks Bharat Bhushan:
“If everyone — especially MPs cutting across political lines — is standing behind the government’s narrative, then what will the special session of Parliament or a discussion on the Pahalgam tragedy and Operation Sindoor achieve? The Opposition will have already become a stakeholder in the official narrative of the government. As a consequence, its leverage in Parliament to question the Modi government’s strategy and political messaging through Operation Sindoor will diminish.
How far the Opposition can overcome this self-inflicted wound and be able to convey to the public that its support for the government’s foreign policy is distinct from critiquing the government for domestic accountability, remains uncertain.
Modi who was on the back foot globally (for military aggressiveness) and domestically among his supporters (ironically for not being aggressive enough), will have diverted the public narrative. This may prevent close scrutiny of Operation Sindoor by Parliament as well as the path his government has embarked on through its new doctrine against terrorism.”
“India is not merely a land defined by its borders; it is a living mosaic of languages, cultures, religions, and dreams.” Manoj Kumar Jha argues India needs a goodwill delegation today within India too based on mutual respect and compassion.
Pakistan is not willing to stop fighting over the region, and India is not ready to accept it as a disputed territory. So Kashmir remains caught in the middle, says Fahad Shah.
“No Pakistani general has survived an extended term. Gen Asim Munir won’t be any different,” writes Ayesha Siddiqa discussing institutional imbalances created by extensions.
“Dehumanisation has taken on a newly intensified form, sharpened by a climate of militant nationalism, a hyper-partisan media ecosystem, and a political regime that valorises enmity as a moral good,” writes Anand Teltumbde decoding how state propaganda in India merges with public discourse and war’s influence permeates civilian thought.
Only better public transport will allow India’s middle class to breathe easy. Andy Mukherjee argues that the right transport model for India is 21st-century China, and not 20th-century US.
Meghna Rao writes on why Banu Mushtaq’s win is significant – which is all because of the context in which her writings emerge. “Mushtaq emerged as part of the Bandaya Sahitya movement in the 1970s, which allowed a small number of Dalit writers to change the Kannada literary landscape by introducing protest writing into an otherwise buttoned-up literature. Mushtaq was radical not just in what she wrote about – often working-class, Muslim women and their conservative partners – but also in how she wrote it. Hers was a direct, confrontational writing, rather than one reliant on allegory and myth, in a rejection of the otherwise Sanskritised literary forms then predominant in Kannada.
Listen up
On The Hindu’s In Focus podcast, Jacob Koshy and Sobhana K. Nair “explore the lives of three Indian scientists, Kamala Sohoni, Anna Mani, and Janaki Ammal, who were the first women to get doctorates in science in India, making them the first women scientists in India.” Listen here.
Watch out
Watch American filmmaker, Wes Anderson, be all starry eyed at cinema legend Sharmila Tagore and absolutely geeking out over Tagore’s experiences working with the iconic Satyajit Ray.
Over and out
Ruskin Bond, the writer who lives in the Himalayan foothills, turned 91 this week. Here are 10 nuggets on his connections with Delhi.
Legends about King Vikramaditya have been told quite literally from Kashmir (in the ‘Vetala-Pancha-Vimsati’ of Somadeva) to Kanyakumari (in the Tamil ‘Muppattirantu-pathumai-kathai’). Behind myth and legend is the story of a successful Gupta king. Anirudh Kanisetti has more on it:
“It is one thing for a medieval storyteller to describe a legendary emperor as a world ruler; it is another thing entirely for an elected government to declare that Vikramaditya was a real figure who ruled over Iran, China and Turkey. While I sympathise with the need for deeper regional histories, this blind adulation of warrior kings actually erases these histories, substituting them for aggressively nationalist myths.
The clever, just, tricky Vikramaditya of legend is being eclipsed by a louder, shallower, but much more politically profitable version. Paradoxically, it appears that the king continues to represent the evolution of Indian rulership.”
That’s it for today. We’ll be back with you on Monday, on a device near you. If The India Cable was forwarded to you by a friend (perhaps a common friend!) book your own copy by SUBSCRIBING HERE.
It is very saddening that an action against terrorist crackdown doesn't sit well with your cabal, while someone who doesn't have an inkling of what it means to be a Bharatiya and who sends police at house of journalists gets your support. It's shameful what you do and how you harm the people of our nation. You are a disgrace to your profession and simply to humanity. What have you from your end done to help our nation except spread western propaganda. Simply put you are jaichand of today's time, bidding time to weaken the foundation on which we as a nation stand. You have no sympathy for the people who lost their loved one to this attack and you don't care. But when it suits your vantage you'll useaaa their victimhood. Where was your so called reporting when murshidabad happened. Was that not an incident worth your time. You become tongue tied to horrific events but start chittering when actions are taken against those responsible. It's as if you don't eat of Bharat but of ISI or western nation.